Move IPv4 values between dotted notation, unsigned integers, CIDR ranges, and exact CIDR cover sets.
Four octets pack into one unsigned 32-bit value and unpack through bit shifts. Prefix masks find CIDR endpoints, while range conversion repeatedly takes the largest aligned power-of-two block that stays inside the requested interval.
192.168.1.0 - 192.168.1.255
192.168.1.0/24 256 addresses
Firewall inventories expand prefixes, databases store IPv4 as integers, and routing lists cover exact contiguous ranges.